Britain’s Relationship With Its African Empire In The Period 1870 †1981 Free Essays

Assess the significance of strategic concerns in influencing Britain’s relationship with its African empire in the period c1870 – c1981 The last three decades of the 19th century saw an unrelenting wave of expansionist policy followed by most, if not all of the major European powers over the African continent, and so has been dubbed as the â€Å"Scramble for Africa†. France, Belgium, Portugal, Germany, Italy and Britain all laid claim to vast swathes of African land and by the turn of the century controlled roughly ninety per cent of the continent. The question this essay seeks to answer is why this â€Å"scramble† was triggered. We will write a custom essay sample on Britain’s Relationship With Its African Empire In The Period 1870 – 1981 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are a variety of arguments that have been put forward by historians: the economic arguments are the most important as the vast availability of much needed and highly prized goods (precious metals, diamonds, metals, ivory, palm oil, etc. ) would ensure a rich market. The second most important factor could be argued as one of the key triggers for the â€Å"Scramble for Africa† was the strategic factors of the Africa Continent, in terms of the protection of trade routes and of valuable assets. Also the â€Å"civilisation and evangelisation† argument plays a role, but largely as an appeaser for the British public. Upon completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, British interest in Egypt increased, as the canal opened up a much more effective trade route to the â€Å"Jewel in the Crown†; India. The Suez Canal drastically decreased the time taken for ships to sail from Britain to India, from a six week journey that entailed navigating the Cape, to a two week journey, resulting in better improvements in communications between the Viceroy and Whitehall and greatly increasing the profits of trading companies as shipments could be made more frequently. The importance of the Suez Canal to Britain was paramount; the Nationalist Rebellion in 1882 saw the occupation of Egypt by British forces, in order to protect the European population (an estimated fifty European civilians were killed in the rebellion), but most importantly, to protect, and maintain control of, the Suez Canal. The strategic motivation behind this was to reinforce British interests in the area, especially trade with Egypt as any unrest in the area could affect British trade with the rest of its Empire. Furthermore, the Canal was a significant link to India, which held absolute importance to the British. Protection of the canal, therefore, ensured protection of India. As well as that, the Ottoman Empire’s sphere of influence was expanding to envelop Egypt, which, if occurred, would have been a severe blow to British supremacy; as a vital trade link for its Empire, Britain would have to have secured the safety of the Suez Canal, which could have resulted in war with the Ottoman Empire, or a treaty and/or a tariff imposed, a move that would have severely damaged Britain’s image of â€Å"glorious isolation†. The occupation of several African nations can also be seen to have been motivated by imperial strategy. The Berlin Conference in 1885 set a precedence that would change the face of imperial expansion. Most empire building had previously been an informal process; the creation of trade posts, creating and strengthening of ties with local traders/chiefs etc. the conference, signed by the major European powers (including Britain) stated that a power much formally annex a territory if it were to become part of the empire. This triggered a rush to formally annex the territories informally controlled by said powers- a process that especially endangered Britain’s position in Africa, as it relied much more upon informal expansionist policies to build its empire. Territories such as Bechuanaland, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt were similarly annexed. In this way, Britain prevented the expansion of other European powers and protected its own sphere of influence on the Continent. The most important factor for the â€Å"Scramble of Africa†, is however, the economic factors. The Continent provided an untapped source of raw materials that were much needed by the European powers; fuel consumption was at an all-time high, much in part due to the later arrival of the Industrial Revolution in the newly unified Germany and Italy. Not only that, but goods such as gold, and diamonds were found in seeming abundance in parts of Africa- by the early 1900’s, the Rand (a strip of land in Southern Africa that encompassed the Transvaal State) was home to gold mines valued at  £700million and was a key factor that prompted the Second Boer War between 1899-1902. What one must also not lose sight of is that although Britain committed itself to the expansion of its Empire in Africa for strategic concerns, these reasons all link back to increasing Britain’s wealth, be it controlling new markets, controlling highly demanded products (such as Egyptian cotton)or being the first European access to much needed raw materials. Even the annexing of the original Dutch Cape Colony in the 1830’s was primarily due to economic factors; strategically important to protect the trade route with India, but only necessary due to the great economic importance of said trade route. It is for this reason that economic factors were the main reason to explain Britain’s expansion in Africa, not strategic concerns. There is also the â€Å"civilised and evangelise† argument to consider, dubbed by Rudyard Kipling as â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† argument. In the late 19th century, as the height of British Imperialism and expansion, a national pride in the Empire was rife. The British considered themselves to be the greatest race in the world, created by God to rule, justly and fairly, and civilise the world. This was done in the form of providing infrastructure, such as improved transport, civil service etc. in the hope that this would make the lives of Africans more civilised and productive. Christianity was also used to spread this, as it was it was hoped that it would instil a strong moral code amongst the â€Å"natives†. However, it is unlikely that this was a strong motivation factor for British expansion in Africa for many reasons, and was instead something used to pacify the British public; after all, the â€Å"average Joe† would have been more likely to submit to the idea of imperial expansion to help out Africans, rather than knowing that they were allowing the richer to get richer, as was the case with Cecil Rhodes, who, with funding from the British Crown, created a vast personal fortune, became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony and had a country named after him; Rhodesia. As well as this, there is little evidence to show that Britain tried to improve the infrastructure of any of its African colonies. To conclude, it is clear that strategic factors are not the most significant explanation for British expansion in Africa, as, although, important, were only made necessary by economic factors at the time. The â€Å"civilised and evangelise† argument is much less integral to the expansionist policies, but was perhaps instead a method of control over the native populations. How to cite Britain’s Relationship With Its African Empire In The Period 1870 – 1981, Papers

Action Research and Language Development-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAction Research and Language Development. Answer: Introduction Exposure to that of many languages can be detrimental for the process of language development of children and it can impair the ability of the children to learn. The non-native speaker faces hindrance in relation to language development. The parents speaking a different language and hereditary instincts makes it difficult for the children to adopt and learn the new language. This report throws light on the ways that I can help the non-native speaker in the arena of language development. Action Research that can enhance language development of non-native speaker There are different measures that can be undertaken in order to develop the linguistic competence of the non-native speaker. I think that specialist teachers can be brought into the classroom who would work along with the mainstream teacher in order to develop the language competence of the non-native speaker. The children can be kept in separate classes for 1 year and be trained on the arena of language development (Larsen-Freeman Long, 2014). I shall arrange separate preparatory classes that will make it possible to attain a definite level of achievement for each pupil. Recent literature have however pointed out that immersion in the mainstream class can also help in this regard as they would be able to learn the new language from that of the native speakers. I think that if separate classes are necessary then a special curriculum along with support from that of specialist teachers can prove to be of extremely useful (Hulstijn, 2015). I would provide classroom support and appoint specialist teaching assistant can help the migrant children in the aspect of language acquisition. I think that the additional support that children receive in the early years till the time the language skills are matched with that of native children is important so that they can reach their full educational potential. The specialist teachers can provide learning assistance several times within a week. I would provide the right kind of resources that would prove to be helpful for the non-native speakers children in the field of language acquisition. I think that it will hav e a considerable impact so that the children can learn the academic vocabulary. I would ask other children who have the same mother tongue but who have been able to attain the skills related to language of instruction in providing peer support that can help them in learning the new language. (Saville-Troike Barto, 2016). I had seen while teaching at Ashcroft Public School that role models can be of great help in integrating the non-native speaker within the classroom and in increasing their language proficiency. There are different educational methods that can help in the process of language acquisition like James Ashers Total Physical Response Method. I would ask the students to do different kinds of physical activities (Larsen-Freeman Long, 2014). It helps in the process of subconscious picking up of language. It helps the children in understanding the cues and gaining concrete experiences that can help the children in the field of language development. The best way that can encourage the language development of non-native speaker children is to have interactions with the child. The children should be provided with adequate attention and they should be given the time so that they can respond. I would provide them with time to respond and building on what the children say can help in language acquisition of the non-native speaker children (Trenkic, Mirkovic Altmann, 2014). I can ask them regarding the happenings in their daily life that would help in the process of language acquisition. I would use different words that can help them in learning the meanings of new words and thus facilitate in the process of increasing their vocabulary. Using different kinds of contexts can help the child in learning the new language. The child can be encouraged to tell stories and be asked about his past life (Hulstijn, 2015). I would read books with the non-native children that would help them in learning new words and the meanings associated with it. Showing them interesting pictures can keep them engaged in the process of story-telling. I would link what is in the book with the happenings in the life of the children in order to aid him in learning the new language (Willinsky, 2017). I think that cooperation of schools along with the parents engagement can be helpful in the process of mentoring. Qualitative research has helped in pointing out that making the language simple and providing the translated terms that can help the children in the process of integration in the classroom (Saville-Troike Barto, 2016).I would provide them with the translated words that would help them in the process of language acquisition. I would provide them with peer support can be made use of in order to solve difficulty relating to non-native speakers language development. I shall provide dictionaries along with glossaries to the children in the early years so that they can successfully assimilate within the classroom environment. This can help the children considerably in progressing in the curriculum. I would implement the echo teaching methods that can prove to be effective and adjusting the speech can help in augmenting understanding. I would use interactive elements for aiding in the process of learning so that the children can learn the language of instruction quickly (Fromkin, Rodman Hyams, 2018). Comprehension comes before the stage of production and I as a teacher would provide a relaxed climate that can increase the motivation of the students and help them in the process of learning. Conclusion Specialist teachers working along with the mainstream teachers can be helpful in accommodating the non-native speaker in the classroom in the early years. It can help them in developing competence in language acquisition. Separate classes can be helpful for the children but I think that immersion within that of the mainstream class can be helpful for the non-native speakers language development. I as a teacher would provide them with peer support that can help in the process of new language acquisition. I would talk with the children so that they can hear new words and thus can increase their vocabulary. I would engage the child in the act of talking so that they can learn the new language quickly. I would ask the children to read books and tell stories that can help greatly in the process of language acquisition of the non-native children. It has been found that if the language is simple and if the students are provided with the translated terms then it can help the children. Dictio naries and glossaries can be provided to the children so that they can gain competence in the new language. References: Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. (2018).An introduction to language. Cengage Learning. Hulstijn, J. H. (2015). Explaining phenomena of first and second language acquisition with the constructs of implicit and explicit learning.Implicit and explicit learning of languages,48, 25. Hulstijn, J. H. (2015).Language proficiency in native and non-native speakers: Theory and research(Vol. 41). John Benjamins Publishing Company. Larsen-Freeman, D., Long, M. H. (2014).An introduction to second language acquisition research. Routledge. Saville-Troike, M., Barto, K. (2016).Introducing second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press. Saville-Troike, M., Barto, K. (2016).Introducing second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press. Trenkic, D., Mirkovic, J., Altmann, G. T. (2014). Real-time grammar processing by native and non-native speakers: Constructions unique to the second language.Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,17(2), 237-257. Willinsky, J. (2017).The new literacy: Redefining reading and writing in the schools. Routledge.

I was beaten as a child free essay sample

I was beaten as a child. I was raped and put into foster care. i have been hurt. everyone i ever loved died or was ripped from my hands. Love is what i fear. Love is what matters the most. My mother didnt love me and love to me is this unknown thing that i long for. i am a survivor of drugs, rape, and abuse. I love only to be hurt yet i still love. I am broken so love is all i have to give. Love matters the most. You should cherish every moment you are in the presense of someone you love. In a blink of an eye they could be gone. So hold tightly. i will love those who hurt me for what they have taught me. I will love those who put me down, they have only made me stronger. I will love those who took their own lives even though they were my world. We will write a custom essay sample on I was beaten as a child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I will continue to love through apin and tears. Through the hate of the world and the abuse. I will love because i know what it feels like to not be loved. Love is all that matters in the end.

The Meaning of Form Follows Function

The Meaning of 'Form Follows Function' Form follows function is an architectural phrase often heard, not well understood, and hotly discussed by students and designers for over a century. Who gave us the most famous phrase in architecture, and how did Frank Lloyd Wright expand its meaning? Key Takeaways The phrase form follows function was coined by architect Louis H. Sullivan in his 1896 essay The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered.The statement refers to the idea that a skyscrapers exterior design should reflect the different interior functions.The Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, and the Prudential Building in Buffalo, New York, are two examples of skyscrapers whose form follows their functions. Architect Louis Sullivan Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) helped pioneer the American skyscraper mainly in the Midwest, creating a Sullivanesque style that changed the face of architecture. Sullivan, one of the great figures in American architecture, influenced the language of the style of architecture that characterized what became known as the Chicago School. Often called Americas first truly modern architect, Sullivan argued that a tall buildings exterior design (form) should reflect the activities (functions) that take place inside its walls, represented by mechanical equipment, retail stores, and offices. His  1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, is an iconic showcase for Sullivans philosophy and design principles. Observe the terra cotta facade of this early steel frame tall building: The lower floors require a different natural lighting window configuration than the central seven floors of interior office space and the top attic area. The Wainwrights three-part architectural form is similar to partners Adler and Sullivans taller 1896 Prudential Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York, a similar form because these structures had similar functions. Prudential Guaranty in Buffalo, New York. Dacoslett/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 The Rise of Skyscrapers The skyscraper was new in the 1890s. More dependable steel being made by the Bessemer process could be used for posts and beams. The strength of a steel framework allowed buildings to be taller without needing thick walls and flying buttresses. This framework was revolutionary, and Chicago School architects knew the world had changed. The U.S. after the Civil War had changed from rural to urban-centered, and steel became the building blocks of a new America. Tall buildings major use- office work, a byproduct of the Industrial Revolution- was a new function in need of a new urban architecture. Sullivan understood both the magnitude of this historical change in architecture and the possibility that beauty may be left behind in the rush to be the tallest and the newest. The design of the tall office building takes its place with all other architectural types made when architecture, as has happened once in many years, was a living art. Sullivan wanted to build beautiful buildings, like Greek temples and Gothic cathedrals. He set out to define principles of design in his 1896 essay, The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered, published the same year as the Prudential Guaranty Building rose tall in Buffalo. Sullivans legacy- besides instilling ideas in his young apprentice, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)- was to document a design philosophy for multi-use buildings. Sullivan put his beliefs into words, ideas that continue to be discussed and debated today. Prudential Building, 1896, Buffalo, New York. Dacoslett/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 Form All things in nature have a shape, Sullivan said, that is to say, a form, an outward semblance, that tells us what they are, that distinguishes them from ourselves and from each other. That these shapes express the inner life of the thing is a law of nature, which should be followed in any organic architecture. Sullivan suggests that the exterior shell of the skyscraper should change in appearance to reflect interior functions. If this new organic architectural form was to be part of natural beauty, the buildings facade should change as each interior function changes. Function Common interior areas by function included mechanical utility rooms below grade, commercial areas in the lower floors, mid-story offices, and a top attic area generally used for storage and ventilation. Sullivans description of office space may have been organic and natural at first, but decades later many people mocked and ultimately rejected what they thought was Sullivans dehumanization, which he also expressed in The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered: an indefinite number of stories of offices piled tier upon tier, one tier just like another tier, one office just like all the other offices, an office being similar to a cell in a honey-comb, merely a compartment, nothing more The birth of the office was a profound event in American history, a milestone that affects us even today. Its not surprising, then, that Sullivans 1896 phrase form follows function has echoed through the ages, sometimes as an explanation, often as a solution, but always as a design idea expounded by one architect in the 19th century. Form and Function Are One Sullivan was a mentor to Wright, his young draftsman, who never forgot Sullivans lessons. As he did with Sullivans designs, Wright took the words of his lieber meister (dear master) and made them his own: Form and function are one. He came to believe that people were misusing Sullivans idea, reducing it to a dogmatic slogan and an excuse for foolish stylistic constructions. Sullivan used the phrase as a starting point, according to Wright. Beginning from within outward, the concept that Sullivans function within should describe the outward appearance, Wright asks, The ground already has form. Why not begin to give at once by accepting that? Why not give by accepting the gifts of nature? So what are the factors to consider in designing the exterior? Wrights answer is dogma for organic architecture; the climate, soil, building materials, type of labor used (machine-made or hand-crafted), the living human spirit that makes a building architecture. Wright never rejects Sullivans idea; he suggests that Sullivan didnt go far enough intellectually and spiritually. Less is only more where more is no good, Wright wrote. Form follows function is mere dogma until you realize the higher truth that form and function are one. Sources Gutheim, Frederick, editor. Frank Lloyd Wright on Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940). Grossets Universal Library, 1941.Sullivan, Louis H. The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered. Lippincotts Magazine, March 1896.Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New American Library, Horizon Press, 1953.

Email Messages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email Messages - Essay Example In line with this, an organization will require email etiquette to ensure professionalism, efficiency and protection from liability such as costly law suits as a result of bad language (Swinton). There are a few guidelines of how to write a good business email. First of all use a language that is official so that both parties understand the message communicated. The message you are trying to convey is concise and straight to the point. This helps to avoid time wastage for the reader. While writing ensure proper spelling, grammar and punctuation, avoid writing in capitals and go through the message to identify mistakes before sending it. It is good to always include the subject of your communication so that the recipient easily knows what to expect in the message. Always use a polite tone, be personal but formal (Swinton). While replying to business emails make sure that you are prompt, answer all questions asked by the customer. Avoid sending attachments unless asked by the recipient of the email. Do not leave out the email thread when writing as it shows the previous message which you are replying to. Do not use fancy fonts in your writing unless communicating graphics (Appleman 20-40). These are the basic issues that one should consider in all business emails in order to foster good understanding and trust between businesses or a client and an organization. Swinton, Lyndsay. "10 Tips for writing business emails that say the right thing about you." 2010. Management For The Rest of Us. 27 September 2011

HSBC Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HSBC Analysis Report - Essay Example The analyses would assist in identifying the unique capabilities of the bank. The performance of the various analyses would also facilitate to get an understanding on the needs and ways to enhance the competitive edge of the bank. Therefore, the analyses would not only assist in understanding and recognizing the capabilities and weak areas of the organization but would also assist in structuring strategies or plans so as to augment the capabilities and improve on the weak areas. The analyses would be conducted with the application of various management tools like SWOT analysis which would assist in identifying the internal capabilities and weaknesses of the bank. Five-force analysis would assist in identifying the competitive advantage of the organization and would also facilitate to design plans to further enhance the competitive advantage of the bank. And, a PEST Analysis would assist to comprehend the business environment in which the organization is presently operating and to rec ognize the potential prospects as well the potential risks and work on them accordingly. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 About the Organization 4 External Analysis 6 PEST Analysis 6 Internal Analysis 8 SWOT Analysis 8 Five Forces Analysis 10 Addressing the Four Generic Blocks of Competitive Advantage 14 Distinctive Competencies 14 Differentiation Strategy 15 Strategic Alliances 15 Major Problems That Needs to be Addressed 15 Recommendations 16 References 17 Bibliography 19 About the Organization HSBC claims to be the local bank of the entire world. The bank has its head office in London and is considered to be the biggest organization in the field of offering services related to banking and finance globally. The bank’s worldwide network includes offices above 9500 in numbers in and around 76 countries as well as territories in Asia-Pacific area, Middle East, Europe, Africa and also America. Similar to the other banks, HSBC also operates with a profit motive. Attaining i ts purposes and goals by sticking on to its principles has facilitated the organization to keep up profitability along with soaring ethical standards (HSBC, 2011). The bank focuses more on local investments and depends on it for economic development. The bank’s chief four businesses are Private Banking, Personal Services related to Finance, Global Banking and Commercial Banking. The individual sectors associated with the mentioned businesses facilitate the bank to tie together the international economic tendencies of providing services to both the present and budding markets (HSBC, 2011). The bank is formally known by the name of HSBC Holdings plc in the UAE. HSBC Holdings plc is said to be the biggest banking organization in the entire world and is said to hold the sixth position globally for being among the leading companies (HSBC, 2011). HSBC commenced operating in the UAE since the year 1959. It was in this year that it obtained The British Bank of the Middle East which w as established in the year 1889 in London. This was the bank that guided the way towards banking services in that particular region and was learnt to be the sole bank that was dedicated to provide service in that particular area for decades (HSBC, 2011). Apart from the acquisition, the bank also formed new local alliances. In the year 1978, the business of the bank was handed over to another fresh bank in Saudi Arabia. The new bank was known as the Saudi British

Code of Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Code of Ethics Paper - Essay Example Doctors quiet often come across with difficult situations in which they were confused of whether to inform the patient about his/her critical conditions or not. Most of the patients may develop more stress and their condition may become too bad if they came to know that their diseases are incurable and their remaining time in the earth is limited. This often prevents the doctors from informing them about their exact conditions. But as per medical ethics a patient has every right to know about his medical condition even if it is worst or good. Moreover he/she has the right to know more about his health conditions and to accept or reject treatments. In short, autonomy of the patients in accepting or rejecting treatments often been raises many ethical questions. This paper briefly analyses the feasibility of enforcing autonomy of patients in accepting or rejecting treatments in healthcare sector. Autonomy of patients and ethical theories As per the Utilitarian theory of ethics, the mora l validity of an action is determined by the outcome of the action. But as per Kantian ethical theory the purpose of morality is not to make others happy, but to do the right thing just for the sake of doing (Maccarelli, 2006). Utilitarian always assess an activity based on the utility of it. Suppose a patient is experiencing severe pain and the doctors have no hope in saving his life. Under such circumstances the patient may demand mercy killing. If the doctor accepts the patient’s demand, the patient will be benefitted or the utility of mercy killing will be positive for the patient. However, medical ethics ask the healthcare professionals to save the life of the patients rather than taking it. In other words, the doctor will be put into a dilemma when the patient demands mercy killing. But as per medical ethics the autonomy of the patient should be respected. The patient has every right to know about his/her medical condition and the doctor is liable to explain him/her abo ut the present condition and the future prospects. Legally or morally, the doctor don’ have the right to keep the health conditions of the patient as a secret. Keeping the patient optimistic about the recovery when there is no chance is one way of cheating the patient. The patient has trusted the doctor and hence it is morally wrong to give him wrong information about his/her health condition. In short, according to utilitarian ethics, the autonomy of the patient should be given prominence over the professional ethics of the doctor. According to the principles of utilitarianism, cultural, intellectual and spiritual pleasures are of greater value than mere physical pleasure. When we give autonomy to the patients in determining their future, the patients can prepare themselves for accepting the death just like Britain’s famous reality show celebrity Joe Goody did. Joe Goody has celebrated even her death and she has earned lot of money for her kids by selling the outright claim for telecasting her last moments. In short, respecting the autonomy of the patients in taking decisions about their future will bring material benefits also to the patients and the relatives. Kantian ethics also argues in favour of the autonomy of patients. Kant argued that we usually label a parson’s activity as good or evil based on our traditional beliefs and customs rather than