I was beaten as a child free essay sample

I was beaten as a child. I was raped and put into foster care. i have been hurt. everyone i ever loved died or was ripped from my hands. Love is what i fear. Love is what matters the most. My mother didnt love me and love to me is this unknown thing that i long for. i am a survivor of drugs, rape, and abuse. I love only to be hurt yet i still love. I am broken so love is all i have to give. Love matters the most. You should cherish every moment you are in the presense of someone you love. In a blink of an eye they could be gone. So hold tightly. i will love those who hurt me for what they have taught me. I will love those who put me down, they have only made me stronger. I will love those who took their own lives even though they were my world. We will write a custom essay sample on I was beaten as a child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I will continue to love through apin and tears. Through the hate of the world and the abuse. I will love because i know what it feels like to not be loved. Love is all that matters in the end.

The Meaning of Form Follows Function

The Meaning of 'Form Follows Function' Form follows function is an architectural phrase often heard, not well understood, and hotly discussed by students and designers for over a century. Who gave us the most famous phrase in architecture, and how did Frank Lloyd Wright expand its meaning? Key Takeaways The phrase form follows function was coined by architect Louis H. Sullivan in his 1896 essay The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered.The statement refers to the idea that a skyscrapers exterior design should reflect the different interior functions.The Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, and the Prudential Building in Buffalo, New York, are two examples of skyscrapers whose form follows their functions. Architect Louis Sullivan Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) helped pioneer the American skyscraper mainly in the Midwest, creating a Sullivanesque style that changed the face of architecture. Sullivan, one of the great figures in American architecture, influenced the language of the style of architecture that characterized what became known as the Chicago School. Often called Americas first truly modern architect, Sullivan argued that a tall buildings exterior design (form) should reflect the activities (functions) that take place inside its walls, represented by mechanical equipment, retail stores, and offices. His  1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, is an iconic showcase for Sullivans philosophy and design principles. Observe the terra cotta facade of this early steel frame tall building: The lower floors require a different natural lighting window configuration than the central seven floors of interior office space and the top attic area. The Wainwrights three-part architectural form is similar to partners Adler and Sullivans taller 1896 Prudential Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York, a similar form because these structures had similar functions. Prudential Guaranty in Buffalo, New York. Dacoslett/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 The Rise of Skyscrapers The skyscraper was new in the 1890s. More dependable steel being made by the Bessemer process could be used for posts and beams. The strength of a steel framework allowed buildings to be taller without needing thick walls and flying buttresses. This framework was revolutionary, and Chicago School architects knew the world had changed. The U.S. after the Civil War had changed from rural to urban-centered, and steel became the building blocks of a new America. Tall buildings major use- office work, a byproduct of the Industrial Revolution- was a new function in need of a new urban architecture. Sullivan understood both the magnitude of this historical change in architecture and the possibility that beauty may be left behind in the rush to be the tallest and the newest. The design of the tall office building takes its place with all other architectural types made when architecture, as has happened once in many years, was a living art. Sullivan wanted to build beautiful buildings, like Greek temples and Gothic cathedrals. He set out to define principles of design in his 1896 essay, The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered, published the same year as the Prudential Guaranty Building rose tall in Buffalo. Sullivans legacy- besides instilling ideas in his young apprentice, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)- was to document a design philosophy for multi-use buildings. Sullivan put his beliefs into words, ideas that continue to be discussed and debated today. Prudential Building, 1896, Buffalo, New York. Dacoslett/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 Form All things in nature have a shape, Sullivan said, that is to say, a form, an outward semblance, that tells us what they are, that distinguishes them from ourselves and from each other. That these shapes express the inner life of the thing is a law of nature, which should be followed in any organic architecture. Sullivan suggests that the exterior shell of the skyscraper should change in appearance to reflect interior functions. If this new organic architectural form was to be part of natural beauty, the buildings facade should change as each interior function changes. Function Common interior areas by function included mechanical utility rooms below grade, commercial areas in the lower floors, mid-story offices, and a top attic area generally used for storage and ventilation. Sullivans description of office space may have been organic and natural at first, but decades later many people mocked and ultimately rejected what they thought was Sullivans dehumanization, which he also expressed in The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered: an indefinite number of stories of offices piled tier upon tier, one tier just like another tier, one office just like all the other offices, an office being similar to a cell in a honey-comb, merely a compartment, nothing more The birth of the office was a profound event in American history, a milestone that affects us even today. Its not surprising, then, that Sullivans 1896 phrase form follows function has echoed through the ages, sometimes as an explanation, often as a solution, but always as a design idea expounded by one architect in the 19th century. Form and Function Are One Sullivan was a mentor to Wright, his young draftsman, who never forgot Sullivans lessons. As he did with Sullivans designs, Wright took the words of his lieber meister (dear master) and made them his own: Form and function are one. He came to believe that people were misusing Sullivans idea, reducing it to a dogmatic slogan and an excuse for foolish stylistic constructions. Sullivan used the phrase as a starting point, according to Wright. Beginning from within outward, the concept that Sullivans function within should describe the outward appearance, Wright asks, The ground already has form. Why not begin to give at once by accepting that? Why not give by accepting the gifts of nature? So what are the factors to consider in designing the exterior? Wrights answer is dogma for organic architecture; the climate, soil, building materials, type of labor used (machine-made or hand-crafted), the living human spirit that makes a building architecture. Wright never rejects Sullivans idea; he suggests that Sullivan didnt go far enough intellectually and spiritually. Less is only more where more is no good, Wright wrote. Form follows function is mere dogma until you realize the higher truth that form and function are one. Sources Gutheim, Frederick, editor. Frank Lloyd Wright on Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940). Grossets Universal Library, 1941.Sullivan, Louis H. The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered. Lippincotts Magazine, March 1896.Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New American Library, Horizon Press, 1953.

Email Messages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email Messages - Essay Example In line with this, an organization will require email etiquette to ensure professionalism, efficiency and protection from liability such as costly law suits as a result of bad language (Swinton). There are a few guidelines of how to write a good business email. First of all use a language that is official so that both parties understand the message communicated. The message you are trying to convey is concise and straight to the point. This helps to avoid time wastage for the reader. While writing ensure proper spelling, grammar and punctuation, avoid writing in capitals and go through the message to identify mistakes before sending it. It is good to always include the subject of your communication so that the recipient easily knows what to expect in the message. Always use a polite tone, be personal but formal (Swinton). While replying to business emails make sure that you are prompt, answer all questions asked by the customer. Avoid sending attachments unless asked by the recipient of the email. Do not leave out the email thread when writing as it shows the previous message which you are replying to. Do not use fancy fonts in your writing unless communicating graphics (Appleman 20-40). These are the basic issues that one should consider in all business emails in order to foster good understanding and trust between businesses or a client and an organization. Swinton, Lyndsay. "10 Tips for writing business emails that say the right thing about you." 2010. Management For The Rest of Us. 27 September 2011

HSBC Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HSBC Analysis Report - Essay Example The analyses would assist in identifying the unique capabilities of the bank. The performance of the various analyses would also facilitate to get an understanding on the needs and ways to enhance the competitive edge of the bank. Therefore, the analyses would not only assist in understanding and recognizing the capabilities and weak areas of the organization but would also assist in structuring strategies or plans so as to augment the capabilities and improve on the weak areas. The analyses would be conducted with the application of various management tools like SWOT analysis which would assist in identifying the internal capabilities and weaknesses of the bank. Five-force analysis would assist in identifying the competitive advantage of the organization and would also facilitate to design plans to further enhance the competitive advantage of the bank. And, a PEST Analysis would assist to comprehend the business environment in which the organization is presently operating and to rec ognize the potential prospects as well the potential risks and work on them accordingly. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 About the Organization 4 External Analysis 6 PEST Analysis 6 Internal Analysis 8 SWOT Analysis 8 Five Forces Analysis 10 Addressing the Four Generic Blocks of Competitive Advantage 14 Distinctive Competencies 14 Differentiation Strategy 15 Strategic Alliances 15 Major Problems That Needs to be Addressed 15 Recommendations 16 References 17 Bibliography 19 About the Organization HSBC claims to be the local bank of the entire world. The bank has its head office in London and is considered to be the biggest organization in the field of offering services related to banking and finance globally. The bank’s worldwide network includes offices above 9500 in numbers in and around 76 countries as well as territories in Asia-Pacific area, Middle East, Europe, Africa and also America. Similar to the other banks, HSBC also operates with a profit motive. Attaining i ts purposes and goals by sticking on to its principles has facilitated the organization to keep up profitability along with soaring ethical standards (HSBC, 2011). The bank focuses more on local investments and depends on it for economic development. The bank’s chief four businesses are Private Banking, Personal Services related to Finance, Global Banking and Commercial Banking. The individual sectors associated with the mentioned businesses facilitate the bank to tie together the international economic tendencies of providing services to both the present and budding markets (HSBC, 2011). The bank is formally known by the name of HSBC Holdings plc in the UAE. HSBC Holdings plc is said to be the biggest banking organization in the entire world and is said to hold the sixth position globally for being among the leading companies (HSBC, 2011). HSBC commenced operating in the UAE since the year 1959. It was in this year that it obtained The British Bank of the Middle East which w as established in the year 1889 in London. This was the bank that guided the way towards banking services in that particular region and was learnt to be the sole bank that was dedicated to provide service in that particular area for decades (HSBC, 2011). Apart from the acquisition, the bank also formed new local alliances. In the year 1978, the business of the bank was handed over to another fresh bank in Saudi Arabia. The new bank was known as the Saudi British

Code of Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Code of Ethics Paper - Essay Example Doctors quiet often come across with difficult situations in which they were confused of whether to inform the patient about his/her critical conditions or not. Most of the patients may develop more stress and their condition may become too bad if they came to know that their diseases are incurable and their remaining time in the earth is limited. This often prevents the doctors from informing them about their exact conditions. But as per medical ethics a patient has every right to know about his medical condition even if it is worst or good. Moreover he/she has the right to know more about his health conditions and to accept or reject treatments. In short, autonomy of the patients in accepting or rejecting treatments often been raises many ethical questions. This paper briefly analyses the feasibility of enforcing autonomy of patients in accepting or rejecting treatments in healthcare sector. Autonomy of patients and ethical theories As per the Utilitarian theory of ethics, the mora l validity of an action is determined by the outcome of the action. But as per Kantian ethical theory the purpose of morality is not to make others happy, but to do the right thing just for the sake of doing (Maccarelli, 2006). Utilitarian always assess an activity based on the utility of it. Suppose a patient is experiencing severe pain and the doctors have no hope in saving his life. Under such circumstances the patient may demand mercy killing. If the doctor accepts the patient’s demand, the patient will be benefitted or the utility of mercy killing will be positive for the patient. However, medical ethics ask the healthcare professionals to save the life of the patients rather than taking it. In other words, the doctor will be put into a dilemma when the patient demands mercy killing. But as per medical ethics the autonomy of the patient should be respected. The patient has every right to know about his/her medical condition and the doctor is liable to explain him/her abo ut the present condition and the future prospects. Legally or morally, the doctor don’ have the right to keep the health conditions of the patient as a secret. Keeping the patient optimistic about the recovery when there is no chance is one way of cheating the patient. The patient has trusted the doctor and hence it is morally wrong to give him wrong information about his/her health condition. In short, according to utilitarian ethics, the autonomy of the patient should be given prominence over the professional ethics of the doctor. According to the principles of utilitarianism, cultural, intellectual and spiritual pleasures are of greater value than mere physical pleasure. When we give autonomy to the patients in determining their future, the patients can prepare themselves for accepting the death just like Britain’s famous reality show celebrity Joe Goody did. Joe Goody has celebrated even her death and she has earned lot of money for her kids by selling the outright claim for telecasting her last moments. In short, respecting the autonomy of the patients in taking decisions about their future will bring material benefits also to the patients and the relatives. Kantian ethics also argues in favour of the autonomy of patients. Kant argued that we usually label a parson’s activity as good or evil based on our traditional beliefs and customs rather than

Company Market Strategy

Company Market Strategy Business Strategies in Global Environment Topic: You have been called upon by a group of company directors to advise them on the future strategic direction of the company. In particular they aim to participate more actively in the global market. Required: Identify their current strategic management style or approach drawing on the schools of strategy Using relevant tools of analysis conduct an environmental audit of what you perceive to be suitable markets for the board to consider. Identify and discuss possible strategic directions that the board could consider in order to develop a greater presence in the global market. Assess the managerial challenges of implementing your chosen strategy. Group: Rohit Zaki Fuad Nihar Shahid Satyanarayan Lalida Amornrat Parita Nith Asad The success of any organisation lies in their goals and the mission. But establishing the goal is not enough to gain the success in this dynamic environment. Thus every company needs a strategy to achieve their goals. The classical meaning of the word strategy is the plan for victory in a war. Similarly in business war field strategy gives the strength required for winning. Selection and implementation of appropriate strategy leads to the great triumph but otherwise it could be a great fiasco and grand business failure. This report on the COBRA Beer Company will make an attempt to analyse the current strategies which are successfully used by the company, carry out an environmental audit of the company using the suitable environmental scanning tool, would suggest alternative strategies to be used in the future and finally will comment on most probable challenges the company may face while implementing those strategies. ABOUT COMPANY â€Å"I felt very demoralised, but never once thought of giving up†- Mr. Karan Bilimoria (Clark Emma, 21 August 2003) BACKGROUND The Cobra Beer was the child of thought of a Cambridge law graduate Mr. Karan Bilimoria which won 12 Gold medals from the prestigious Monde Selection, Brussels, in 2006. The company was established in 1989 by Mr. Karan Bilimoria when he realised the requirement of smoother and less fizzy beer especially in UK market. (The CBI Directory) Today it is being exported in more than 50 countries and total retail turnover is  £126 million. (The Economic Times, 16 September 2007) MISSION PRODUCTS In the beginning Cobra wanted to set up breweries in Mysore, India at the cost of beers quality, the decision was changed and they shifted to Charles wells brewer, UK. Now cobra is having breweries in UK, European countries such as Poland and India as well. (Clark Emma, 21 August 2003) Along with the Classic Cobra beer, it has a very unique product range as Cobra 0.0%, which is beer with no alcohol, Cobra Lower Cal with calorie content lower than 100 cal. and King Cobra, the worlds first double fermented, bottle-conditioned beer, which is so successful that it increased the sells by ten folds in India. It also produces nine types of wines. (The CBI Directory) MARKETING Mr. Bilimoria was well aware of the importance of branding, as his first product brand name ‘Panther was declined, he chose cobra very carefully. Bottle was put up with sandy gold label and with cobra written in green. At least nobody can miss its presence in supermarkets. His targeted niche market was Indian Restaurants in UK. Though beer remains dearer it was selling half of its production in 5600 Indian Restaurants. He gain popularity as the Indian beer maker. (Clark E, 21 August 2003) Along with creating first trade marketing team, Cobra is soon going to launch new designs for King Cobra and Cobra Bite. According to Will Ghali, marketing director of Cobra beer â€Å"The aim was to give our beers a more contemporary, stylish appearance, and to increase the standout on shelf. Were delighted with the new designs and, more importantly, feel that theyll have a really strong appeal with our core consumers.† The company would be spending  £14 million on marketing in 2008. (Parson R, 22 April 2008) Cobra beer in year 2005 announced a Cobra Vision short film competition for aspiring filmmakers which gave them an opportunity to appear national television. (The CBI Directory) Now it is sponsoring all prime time programs on UKTVs Dave to make â€Å"heavy weight presence† (Parsons R, 22 April 2008) EXPANSION IN GLOBAL MARKET Cobra has made its presence noticeable in UK, USA, South Africa, India and other European countries. As import duties in India are very high Cobra decided to produce beer in India. Cobra beer is now being produced in Rajasthan, Goa, UP and ‘Som Breweries, MP, ‘Iceberg Breweries, Bihar. (The Economic Times, 16 September 2007) Still the market share and per capita consumption in India is very low as compared to UK, being the major competitor The Kingfisher Beer of India. (Clark E, 21 August 2003) Cobra is now planning to acquire three more breweries in India as they are targeting to double their capacity to 20 million cases by 2012. Company also aspires to get listed in UK and India. (The Financial Express, 6 May 2008,) The company started with  £20000 of student debt in 1989 has already raised  £25 million through unsecured loans from OZ Sculptor Finance Ireland investment funds and 2.5 million by issuing ordinary shares to private and institutional investors for its f uture plans. (Mood Food Magazine Food news, Restaurant News, Recipes, Nutrition, 17 July 2006) Cobra beer is now being exported to Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Bahrain and Oman. As the Middle East market is not well developed yet, cobra has introduced non-alcoholic Cobra beer in the region. For expanding in South Africa cobra is trying to acquire local breweries, so that company can get hold on the niche market. (Nolan L, 26 October 2006) CURRENT STRATEGIES EXPLOITED The company is currently using different strategies such as, differentiation, launching innovative products, identifying niche market, branding, exporting and expanding by acquisitions etc. which can be explained with the help of various models. Differentiation: Low price, Segment specificity, Differentiation or Hybrid etc.can be used as the competitive strategy. Johnson et. al. (2006) gives the strategy clock which differentiates between winning and failing competitive strategies. ‘The Strategy Clock: Competitive Strategy Options(Source: Johnson et. al., 2006, p.243) The Company has gained the competitive advantage using the differentiation strategy. The differentiation as competitive strategy was first explained by Michael Porter in 1980 using a model known as Generic business level strategy. Source of Competitive Advantage Cost Uniqueness BreadthBroad Target Market CostDifferentiation Of Leadership Competitive Scope Focused Focused Narrow Target Market LowDifferentiation Cost ‘Porters Generic Business Level Strategies (Source: Porter M, 1980, p. 39) Product development: Ansoffs Market Expansion Grid: Branding: Acquisition: ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT SWOT Porters Five Forces RIVAL FROM INDIA The SWOT analysis suggests that United Breweries from India is one the important competitor for COBRA not only in Indian Market but also in the Global Market. The credit for the success of UB goes to its Chairman Dr. Vijay Mallya. Journey of UB from Kingfisher Beer to Kingfisher Airlines INTRODCTION United Breweries ltd. (UB) was formed by a Scotsman Mr. Thomas Leishman in 1915 when he united five breweries owned by him in Madras (Chennai), India. The company was then bought by Mr. Vittal Mallya in 1947. (www.kingfisherworld.com, cited on May 28, 2008) The company got the real thrust when Mr. Vijay Mallya, son of late Mr. Vittal Mallya became the chairman and took the charge in 1983 and the UB became Indias first multinational. Today UB group is recognised as the seventh largest spirit makers in the world and the beer is sold in more than 32 countries worldwide. But UB group lead by Dr. Vijay Mallya did not want to confine themselves only to beer production. Versatility was the key strategy used very tactically by Mr. Mallya. UB group own a software company established in USA in 1993 which is also listed on NASDAQ, Kingfisher Airlines launched on May 9, 2005, which is Indias second largest domestic airliner, Indias first lifestyle channel ‘NDTV Good Time launched on 7 Sept ember 2007 and Indias First Formula One team Spykar F1 team bought with Mr. Micheil Mol in October 2007. (The Times of India, 2 April 2008) PRODUCTS The UB group, which acquired McDowell Co. Ltd is well known for its innovative product range. The UB products ranges from kingfisher beer to 17 different types of whisky such as, Black Dog Whisky, Single Malt Whisky, Signature Whisky, No. 1 McDowells Whisky, McDowells Vintage Whisky, McDowells Premium Whisky etc., 3 types of Brandy, 2 types of Rum, 3 types of Gin, 4 types of Vodka such as Romanov, Alcazar, White Mschief, Red Riband Vodka. (www.clubmcdowell, cited on May 28, 2008) GROWTH UB acquired Triumph Distillers Vintners (TDV) in December 2002 and Shaw Wallace and Company Ltd (SWC), the second largest Indian Spirits company in June 2005. it has also increased its investment in Herbertsons Ltd (HL) which in total has increased the market share of UB from 24% to 52%. (www.clubmcdowell, cited on May 28, 2008) Apart from that UBL is having strategic alliance with Scottish NewCastle Plc (SN), which generates the revenue of $6 billion. Because of the joint venture SN can launch International brands like Kronenbourg in India, while UBL got SNs global network to further globalization. (www.kingfisherworld.com, cited on May 28, 2008) Along with the export of Alcoholic Beverages UB exports mens casuals, formal shoes, ladies foot-wares, processed food items, pharmaceutical products and incense sticks to various parts of the world. (www.clubmcdowell, cited on May 28, 2008) ADVICED STRATEGY Diversification: Ansoffs Market Expansion Grid Portfolio management: Shells directional policy matrix Prospects for Sector Profitability C Unattractive Average Attractive O M Disinvest PhasedDouble or P Weak WithdrawalQuit E Custodial T I Phased CustodialTry Harder V Average Withdrawal E Growth N E Cash GrowthLeader S Strong Generation Leader ‘The Shell Directional Policy Matrix (Source: Shell Chemicals UK (1975) Acquired from Lancaster (2002)) ANALYSE STRATEGY CONCLUSION REFERENCE The CBI Directory, Company profile: Cobra Beer Ltd., cited on May 23, 2008, available from http://www.cbidirectory.co.uk/cobrabeerltd/ The Economic Times, 16 September 2007, Beer to undertake major expansion in India, cited on May 25, 2008, Available from http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Cons_Products/Cobra_Beer_to_undertake_major_expansion_in_India/articleshow/2373521.cms Clark E, 21 August 2003, The ‘less gassy rise of Cobra Beer BBC News Online Business Reporter, Cited on May 25, 2008, Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3052349.stm Parson R, 22 April 2008, Cobra Beer prepares new-look packaging, mad.co.uk, cited on May 25, 2008, Available from http://www.mad.co.uk/BreakingNews/BreakingNews/Articles/52abaffb2fa743c3bc1bfba5494696dd/Cobra-Beer-prepares-new-look-packaging.html The Financial Express, 6 May 2008, Cobra targets 20 mn beer cases in India, http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Cobra-targets-20-mn-beer-cases-in-India/306079/ Mood Food Magazine Food news, Restaurant News, Recipes, Nutrition, 17 July 2006, cited on May 25, 2008, available from Cobra Beer Secures Investment For Growth http://www.menumagazine.co.uk/archive/july06/weekly/cobra_investment.html Nolan L, 26 October 2006, Snakes and Ladder, Caterer Middle East English Edition, http://www.itp.net/news/494102 Johnson G, Scholes K and Whitting R (2006), Exploring Corporate Strategy, 7th Enhanced media edition, England: Pearson Education ltd. Chapter 5, pp. 242-243 Porter M (1980), Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York: Free Press. Chapter 1, 2, pp. 3-46 Kingfisher world (online) cited on May 28, 2008, available from http://www.kingfisherworld.com/corporate/corporate-history.htm and http://www.kingfisherworld.com/corporate/corporate-index.htm The Times of India, (2 April 2008), (online) cited on May 28, 2008, Available from http://ipl.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2919442.cms Club McDowell, (online) cited on May 28, 2008, Available from http://www.clubmcdowell.com/org/product_main.htm, http://www.clubmcdowell.com/org/global_main.htm and http://www.clubmcdowell.com/org/corporate_main.htm Shell Chemicals UK, The Directional Policy Matrix, A New aid to Corporate Planning, November 1975. Cited from Lancaster G et al. (2002) Essentials of Marketing, 4th Edition, UK: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, Appendix one, p528.

Malebranches Occasionalism: The Philosophy in the Garden of Eden Essay

Malebranche's Occasionalism: The Philosophy in the Garden of Eden ABSTRACT: According to Malebranche, Adam should be considered as an occasionalist philosopher. Not only did philosophy originate in paradise, but it in fact originated as Malebranchian occasionalism. It was in order to be able to persist in his occasionalist belief that Adam was given exceptional power over his body, that is, the power to detach the principal part of his brain (i.e., the seat of the soul) from the rest of the body. It was only in continually detaching the principal part of his brain from the rest of the body that Adam was able to persist in his occasionalist belief despite the unmistakable testimony of his sense to the contrary. Having once sinned, he thereupon lost his psychophysical privilege. Whereas pre-lapsarian physiology made Adam's belief in the causal efficacy of God possible, post-lapsarian physiology, in contrast, necessarily engenders and sustains belief in the causal efficacy of bodies. It was only as a result of the post-lapsarian physiology that some o f the central problems of early modern philosophy arose. Contingent upon Adam's psychophysical privilege, occasionalism was possible only in paradise. Malebranche observes that, before the Fall, Adam knew that "only God was capable of acting on him." (1) Knowing "more distinctly than the greatest philosopher ever" (2) that God was the only true cause, the first man should thus be considered as an occasionalist philosopher par excellence. Not only, then, did philosophy originate in Paradise, but it in fact originated as Malebranchian occasionalism. However, whereas Adam knew through the light of reason that God was acting upon him, "he did not sense it." (3) What he sensed was, ... ...e puissance qu'ils /sc. les sens/ ont de tyranniser des pecheurs" (OC 1:75) is somewhat imprecisely rendered by Lennon and Olscamp as "their power of victimizing sinners"; see The Search after Truth, 22. (9) Dialogues on Metaphysics, 217. (10) See Conversations chretiennes, in OC 4:40. (11) Dialogues on Metaphysics, 194. (12) Elucidations of the Search after Truth, 581. (13) Dialogues on Metaphysics, 218. (14) Ibid., 217. (15) Conversations chretiennes, in OC 4:98. (16) See ibid., 98-99. (17) Ibid., 99. (18) Dialogues on Metaphysics, 237. (19) Conversations chretiennes, in OC 4:99. (20) The Search after Truth, 123. (21) Conversations chretiennes, in OC 4:99. (22) See ibid., 99-100; see also The Search after Truth, 123. (23) See Meditations chretiennes et metaphysiques, in OC 10:113; see also Dialogues on Metaphysics, 193.